Social enterprises occupy a distinctive position in the Canadian organizational landscape, combining the mission-driven purpose of traditional non-profits with revenue-generating activities that would be familiar to any commercial business. This hybrid nature creates particular governance challenges when these organizations seek to grow, because the very strategies that enable scaling often introduce pressures that can pull an organization away from its founding purpose. The governance of growth in social enterprises therefore requires boards and executives to develop sophisticated frameworks for pursuing expansion while maintaining the integrity of their social mission.
The legal foundation for social enterprise governance in Canada draws from multiple legislative sources, reflecting both the diverse organizational structures these entities adopt and the federal nature of Canadian corporate law. Organizations incorporated under the Canada Not-for-profit Corporations Act, as of the date of authorship, must operate within the purposes set out in their articles of incorporation, and any fundamental change to those purposes requires special resolution approval from members. Provincial societies legislation across British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario establishes similar requirements, though the specific thresholds and procedural requirements vary by jurisdiction. In Quebec, the Civil Code of Quebec provides the foundational framework for legal persons, and non-profit organizations constituted under Quebec law must ensure that their activities remain consistent with the objects for which they were established, with the specific requirements for amendments governed by the legal person's own constituting documents and applicable provisions of the Civil Code.