Accountability stands at the heart of governance. Every board, regardless of the type of organization it oversees, exercises authority that originates elsewhere and must answer for how it wields that authority. This fundamental principle applies whether the organization in question is a federally incorporated not-for-profit operating under the Canada Not-for-profit Corporations Act, a provincial society governed by legislation such as the British Columbia Societies Act or the Alberta Societies Act, a business corporation established under one of Canada's business corporations statutes, or a Quebec organization operating within the civil law framework established by the Civil Code of Quebec. Understanding to whom the board is accountable, and how that accountability manifests in governance practice, represents an essential foundation for anyone who serves on a board or advises those who do.
The concept of accountability in governance encompasses multiple relationships that operate simultaneously. Directors do not serve themselves, nor do they exist as autonomous actors entitled to pursue their own visions without constraint. They hold positions of trust, exercising powers delegated to them by others, and they must answer for their exercise of those powers through various mechanisms established by law, by the organization's own governing documents, and by the expectations of those who depend on the organization's proper functioning. This web of accountability relationships distinguishes governance from other forms of organizational leadership and imposes obligations that persist throughout a director's tenure and, in some respects, beyond.