Understanding what a complainant must establish to get a human rights complaint off the ground is essential for any Canadian business owner, non-profit operator, or professional who wants to manage legal risk intelligently. The concept of a prima facie case sits at the heart of discrimination law in Canada, serving as the threshold that separates complaints with merit from those that fail to meet even the basic requirements for further consideration. This lesson examines what complainants must show to establish a prima facie case, how tribunals and commissions assess these initial showings, and what this framework means for employers and service providers operating across the country.
The term prima facie comes from Latin and translates roughly to "on its face" or "at first appearance." In the context of human rights law, a prima facie case means that a complainant has put forward enough evidence that, if believed and not contradicted, would justify a finding of discrimination. It does not mean the complainant has proven their case completely or that the respondent has no defence. Rather, it means the complainant has crossed a preliminary evidentiary threshold that requires the respondent to answer the complaint with their own evidence and explanations. Without establishing a prima facie case, a complaint will not proceed to a full hearing on the merits, and no finding of discrimination can be made.